Carrie Chapter Nineteen

He smiled. ‘Maybe.' But he wouldn't. Not any more. ‘Come on. We're going to town.' They went downstairs and through the empty dance hall, where chairs were still pushed back and beers were standing flat on the tables. As they went out through the fire door Billy said: ‘This place sucks. anyway.' They got into his car, and he started it up. When he popped on the headlights, Chris began to scream, hands in fists up to her cheeks. Billy felt it at the same time: Something in his mind. (came came came came) a presence. Carrie was standing in front of them, perhaps seventy feet away. The high beams picked her out in ghastly horror-movie blacks and whites, dripping and clotted with blood. Now much of it was her own. The hilt of the butcher knife still protruded from her shoulder, and her gown was covered with dirt and grass stain. She had crawled much of the distance from Carlin Street, half fainting, to destroy this roadhouse – perhaps the very one where the doom of her creation had begun. She stood swaying, her arms thrown out like the arms of a stage hypnotist, and she began to totter toward them. It happened in the blink of a second. Chris had not had time to expend her first scream. Billy's reflexes were good and his reaction was instantaneous. He shifted into low, popped the clutch, and floored it. The Chevrolet's tyres screamed against the asphalt, and the car sprang forward like some old and terrible mancater. The figure swelled in the windshield and as it did the presence became louder (CARRIE CARRIE CARRIE) and louder (CARRIE CARRIE CARRIE) like a radio being turned up to full volume. Time seemed to close around them in a frame and for a moment they were frozen even in motion: Billy (CARRIE just like the dogs CARRIE jut like the goddam dogs CARRIE brucie i wish i could CARRIE be CARRIE you) and Chris (CARRIE Jesus not to kill her CARRIE didn't mean to kill her CARRIE billy i dont CARRIE want to CARRIE see it CA) and Carrie herself (see the wheel car wheel gas pedal i see the WHEEL o god my heart my heart my heart) And Billy suddenly felt his car turn traitor, come alive, slither in his hands, The Chevvy dug around in a smoking half-circle, straight pipes racketing, and suddenly the clapboard side of The Cavalier was swelling, swelling, swelling and (this is) they slammed into it at forty, still accelerating, and wood sprayed up in a neon-tinted detonation. Billy was thrown forward and the steering column speared him. Chris was thrown into the dashboard. The gas tank split open, and fuel began to puddle around the rear of the car. Part of one straight pipe fell into it, and the gas bloomed into flame. Carrie lay on her side, eyes closed, panting thickly. Her chest was on fire. She began to drag herself across the parking lot, going nowhere. (momma i'm sorry it all went wrong o momma o please o please i hurt so bad momma what do i do) And suddenly it didn't seem to matter any more, nothing would matter if she could turn over, turn over and see the stars, turn over and look once and die. And that was how Sue found her at two o'clock. When Sheriff Doyle left her, Sue walked down the Street and sat on the steps of the Chamberlain U-Wash-It. She stared at the burning sky without swing it. Tommy was dead. She knew it was true and accepted it with an case that was dreadful. And Carrie had done it. She had no idea how she knew it, but the conviction was as pure and right as arithmetic. Time passed. It didn't matter. Macbeth, hath murdered sleep and Carrie hath murdered time. Pretty good. A bon mot Sue smiled dolefully. Can this be the end of our heroine, Miss Sweet Little Sixteen? No worries about the country club and Kleen Korners now. Not ever. Gone. Burned out. Someone ran past, blabbering that Carlin Street was on fire. Good for Carlin Street. Tommy was gone. And Carrie had gone home to murder her mother. () She sat bolt upright, staring into the darkness. () She didn't know how she knew. It bore no relationship to anything she had ever read about telepathy. There were no pictures in her head, no great white flashes of revelation, only prosaic knowledge; the way you know summer follows spring, that cancer can kill you, that Carrie's mother was dead already, that (!!!!!) Her heart row thickly in her chest. Dead? She examined in her knowledge of the incident, trying to disregard the insistent weirdness of knowing from nothing. Yes, Margaret White was dead, something to do with her heart. But she had stabbed Carrie. Carrie was badly hurt. She was There was nothing more. She got up and ran back to her mother's car. Ten minutes later she parked on the corner of Branch and Carlin Street, which was on fire. No trucks were available to fight the blaze yet, but saw-horses had been put across both ends of the street, and greasily smoking roads pots lit a sign which said; DANGER! LIVE WIRES! Sue cut through two back yards and forced her way through a budding hedge that scraped at her, white short, stiff bristles. She came out one yard from the White's house and crossed over. The house was in flames, the roof blazing. It was impossible to even think about getting close enough to look in. But in the strong firelight she saw something better. the splashed trail of Carrie's blood. She followed it with her head down, past the larger spots where Carrie had rested, through another hedge, across a Willow Street back yard, and then through an undeveloped tangle of scrub pine and oak. Beyond that, a short, unpaved spur – little more than a footpath – wound up the rise of land to the right, angling away from Route 6. She stopped suddenly as doubt struck her with vicious and corrosive force. Suppose she could find her? What then? Heart failure? Set on fire? Controlled and forced to walk in front of an oncoming car or fire engine? Her peculiar knowledge told her Carrie would be capable of all things. (find a policeman) She giggled a little at that one and sat down in the grass, which was silked with dew. She had already found a policeman. And even supposing Otis Doyle had believed her, what then? A mental picture came to her of a hundred desperate manhunters surrounding Came, demanding her to hand over her weapons and give up. Carrie obediently raises her hands and plucks her head from her shoulders. Hands it to Sheriff Doyle, who solemnly puts it in a wicker basket marked People's Exhibit A. (and tommy's dead) Well, well. She began to cry. She put her hands over her face and sobbed into them. A soft breeze snuffled through the juniper bushes on top of the hill. More fire engines screamed by on Route 6 like huge red hounds in the night. (the town's burning down o well) She had no idea how long she sat there, crying in a grainy half-doze. She was not even aware that she was following Carrie's progress toward The Cavalier, no more than she was aware of the process of respiration unless she thought about it. Carrie was hurt very badly, was going on brute determination alone at this point. It was three miles out to The Cavalier, even across-country, as Carrie was going. Sue (watched? thought? doesn't matter) as Carrie fell in a brook and dragged herself out, icy and shivering. It was really amazing that she kept going. But of course it was for Momma. Momma wanted her to be the Angel's Fiery Sword, to destroy- (she's going to destroy that too) She got up and began to run clumsily, not bothering to follow the trail of blood. She didn't need to follow it any more. From The Shadow Exploded (pp. 164-165): Whatever any of us may think of the Carrie White affair, it is over. It's time to turn to the future. As Dean McGuffin points out, in his excellent Science Yearbook article, if we refuse to do this, we will almost certainly have to pay the piper – and the price is apt to be a high one. A thorny moral question is raised here. Progress is already being made toward complete isolation of the TK gene. It is more or less assumed in the scientific community (see, for instance, Bourke and Hannegan's ‘A View Toward Isolation of the TK Gene with Specific Recommendations for Control Parameters' in Mocrobiology Annual, Berkeley: 1982) that when a testing procedure is established, all school-age children will undergo the test as routinely as they now undergo the TB skin-patch. Yet TK is not a germ; it is as much a part of the afflicted person as the colour of his eyes. If overt TK ability occurs as a part of puberty, and if this hypothetical TK test is performed on children entering the first grade, we shall certainly be forewarned. But in this case, is forewarned forearmed? If the TB test shows positive a child can be treated or isolated. If the TK test shows positive, we have no treatment except a bullet in the head. And how is it possible to isolate a person who will eventually have the power to knock down all walls? And even if isolation could be made successful, would the American people allow a small, pretty girl-child to be ripped away from her parents at the first sign of puberty to be locked in a bank vault for the rest of her life? I doubt it. Especially when The White Commission has worked so hard to convince the public that the nightmare in Chamberlain was a complete fluke. Indeed, we seem to have returned to Square One. From the sworn testimony of Susan Snell, taken before The State Investigatory Board of Maine (from The White Commission Report), pp. 306-472: Q. Now, Miss Snell, the Board would like to go through your testimony concerning your alleged meeting with Carrie White in The Cavalier parking lot A. Why do you keep asking the same questions over and over? I've told you twice already. Q. We want to make sure the record is correct in every A. You want to catch me in a lie, isn't that what you really mean? You don't think I'm telling the truth, do YOU? Q. You say you came upon Carrie at A. Will you answer me? Q. -at 2:00 on the morning of May 28th. Is that correct? A I'm not going to answer any more questions until you answer the one I just asked. Q. Miss Snell, this body is empowered to cite you for contempt if you refuse to answer on any other grounds than Constitutional ones. A. I don't care what you're empowered to do. I've lost someone I love. Go and throw me in jail. I don't care. I – go to hell. All of you, go to hell. You're trying to †¦ to †¦ I don't know, crucify me or something. Just lay off me! (A short recess) Q. Miss Snell, are you willing to continue your testimony at this time? A. Yes. But I won't be badgered. Mr Chairman. Q. Of course not, young lady. No one wants to badger you. Now you claim to have come upon Carrie in the parking lot of this tavern at 2:00. Is that correct? A. Yes. Q. You knew it was 2:00? A. I was wearing the watch you see on my wrist right now. Q. To be sure. Isn't The Cavalier better than six miles from where you left your mother's car? A. It is by the road. It's close to three as the crow flies. Q. You walked this distance? X Yes. Q. Now you testified earlier that you ‘knew' you were getting close to Carrie. Can you explain this? A. No. Q. Could you smell her? A. What? Q. Did you follow your nose? (Laughter in the galleries) A. Are you playing games with me? Q. Answer the question, please. A. No. I didn't follow my nose. Q. Could you see her? A. No. Q. Hear her? A. No. Q. Then how could you possibly know she was there? A. How did Tom Quillan know? Or Cora Simard? Or poor Vic Mooney? How did any of them know? Q. Answer the question, miss. This is hardly the place or the time for impertinence. A. But they did say they ‘just knew,' didn't they? I read Mrs Simard's testimony in the paper! And what about the fire hydrants that opened themselves? And the gas pumps that broke their own locks and turned themselves on? The power lines that climbed down off their poles! And Q. Miss Snell, please A. Those things are in the record of this Commission's proceedings! Q. This is not an issue here. A. Then what is? Are you looking for the truth or just a scapegoat?

A Look into Edna St. Vincent Millay’s Poem

Edna St. Vincent Millay’s poem â€Å"What lips my lips have kissed† evokes a sad song that where a lady is regretting all the lovers she had lost. The choice of this particular poem by Edna St. Vincent Millay could be justified by the fact that readers can easily relate to it because it talks about a universal theme, which is love. Although it reeks of regret and loneliness, the poet effectively successfully used palpable symbols and words to describe the past events that transpired in her life. In the poem, the speaker casts herself as a â€Å"lonely tree†. One writer, Epstein (2001) proclaims that this poem is â€Å"a summing up of [the author’s] love life to date, and an occasion to invoke the classic themes of elegy, the tempus fugit and the ubi sunt† (p. 139): What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why I have forgotten, and what arms have lain Under my head till morning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . And in my heart there stirs a quiet pain For unremembered lads that not again Will turn to me at midnight with a cry. Thus in the winter stands the lonely tree, Nor knows what birds have vanished one by one, Yet knows its boughs more silent than before. It seems that the speaker in the poem is an aging lady signified by the songless tree. Indeed, she is an epitome of loneliness and regret, one that we might be tempted to read as a prototype of abandoned womanhood, pathetic and powerless. Male desire in the love sonnets where the woman as a speaker always masquerades feminine weakness and sentimentality; often beseeching, and consumed by desire. However, when a male lover speaks, it would imply â€Å"authority of suffering and, perhaps more importantly, with the authority of convention†. When Millay masquerades as a male poet masquerading as a lovesick woman, the â€Å"sense of where sincerity meets gesture and how authority aligns itself with gender is confused† (Freedman, 1995, p. 113). In its structure, the poem is classified as a sonnet that has a particular rhyming pattern: abbaabba cdedce. The poem uses alliteration and assonance. It is also rich in naturally-occurring symbols, which all readers can easily connect. The poem begins with a one-sentence octave that presents the situation in which the narrator finds herself–inside a house during the rain, reminiscing about her past and forgotten lovers. The inverted sentence structure of the first two lines almost suggests a question rather than a statement: How many lovers were there? The alliterations in the first line additionally emphasize the repetitiveness of the narrator’s sexual encounters. At the same time, the perfect tense mean that this phase of her life has been completed, and the body part symbolisms of lips, arms, and head imply her distance from the experience. In the third line, Millay moves to the present tense, where she describes the memories of her lovers (using a ghost metaphor) aroused by the rain, a symbol for gloom and melancholia. These are the lovers that â€Å"tap and sigh†. The narrator seems insinuating that the lovers themselves are irrelevant. For the same reason, â€Å"Millay picks a metaphor that hints at facelessness and lack of welcome and resonates with the specific time of the midnight hour†. The central phrase in this section is â€Å"quiet pain,† an â€Å"almost-oxymoron suggesting that the narrator's grief is muted or accepted† (Schurer, 2005). As signified by the forward movement of tenses, Millay gives the readers a slight glimpse of things to come as well: However, undeniably, she   regrets everything and she expects no intimacy in the future. In the end, the female narrator seems not interested in the identity of her lovers as in the memory of the emotions they allowed her to experience.   Despite the sadness and regret, the narrator presented peace or redemption as a â€Å"faint echo of the emotion of love from her youth† (Schurer, 2005). Despite the lonely themes and symbols, we can sense of equality in love; to the demand by women that they be allowed to enter the world of adventure and experiment in love which men have long inhabited. However, Millay does not sound to be any feminist to argue for that equality. She just makes it subtle, exhibits it in this poem and turns it into beauty. Works Cited Epstein, Daniel Mark. What Lips My Lips Have Kissed: The Loves and Love Poems of Edna St. Vincent Millay. New York: Holt, 2001. Freedman, Diane P., ed. Millay at 100: A Critical Reappraisal. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1995. Schurer, Norbert. â€Å"Millay's what lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why†, The Explicator, 63.2 (Winter 2005): 94-97.

To What Extent Did Stalin Establish a Personal Dictatorship in the Years 1929

To what extent did Stalin establish a personal dictatorship in the years 1929-1939? Between 1929 and 1930 Stalin used various ways to establish a personal dictatorship. This allowed Stalin to establish a personal dictatorship in these years. In order to do this Stalin instituted a party purge to silence the opposition of Riutin and his supporters, the assassination of Kirov, executed delegated party congresses, The trial of the twenty-one and general Purges. A purge was the systematic elimination of opponents by Stalin, The assassination of Kirov allowed Stalin to use it as an excuse to begin the purges. In 1932, Kirov had helped to defeat Stalin on an important issue concerning Mikhail Riutin, who had circulated a document that was highly critical of Stalin. Stalin was furious and demanded Ruitins execution. However the central committee and the politburo refused to order Ruitins execution, Stalin viewed this as a betrayal. In December 1934, Kirov was murdered by Nikolayev who claimed was working for a secret terror group who wanted to overthrow the soviet government; however Zinoviev and Kamenev were arrested for the conspiracy of Kirov’s Murder. This murder rid Stalin of his most powerful rival, whilst allowing him to imprison two of his old opponents, basically â€Å"two birds with one stone†. The Murder of Kirov allowed Stalin to establish dictatorship because with the death of Kirov, it gave Stalin an excuse to purge and the purges became more systematic and far-reaching. In the spring of 1937, Stalin argued that the conspiracy against the Soviet people was not restricted to the forty or so people involved in the show trials, and so the start of the purges against the party and army began. The effects on the party were dramatic. Between 1934 and 1938, some 330,000 party members were convicted of being enemies of the people. Stalin had never fully trusted the Red Army because the majority of its senior officers had been appointed by his arch rival, Trotsky. For this reason Stalin feared that the military might try to seize power. In June 1937 eight Generals were tired. In the following eighteen months, 34,000 soldiers were purged from the army. This silenced the opposition of Riutin and his supporters. With this Stalin had no problems to establish a personal dictatorship as his opponents would have been in fear to rise up or oppose against Stalin’s ideas. The Trail of the twenty-one in 1938 was the trial of Bukharin, Rykov and their accomplices. The defendants were accused of attempting to overthrow socialism and of the murder of Kirov, Bukharin was personally charged with attempting to assassinate Lenin. Bukharin tried to prove his loyalty to Stalin but failed on several occasions. Bukharin confessed to political responsibility for the crimes of which he was accused, however Bukharin never confessed to trying to assassinate Lenin. All attempts failed and Bukharin was sentenced to death. With the execution of Zinoviev, Kamenev and Bukharin, Stalin had shown that there will be no mercy for those who opposed his power. With the elimination of Bukharin and the right, Stalin had no opposition to prevent him from gaining power. The show trials targeted the previous generation of the Communist Party. The Purges of 1937 wiped out younger members of the party, and dealt with unreliable elements within the army. A general purge of the Russian people kept the country in a state of fear and obedience. This enabled Stalin to establish a personal dictatorship as he eliminated any future rivals and kept Russia in a state of fear to prevent uprising. To conclude Stalin used various ways to establish personal dictatorship between 1929 – 1939. The Murder of Kirov allowed him to begin the purges as an excuse which allowed him to suppress his opponents. With the assasination of Kirov, Stalin was free of his rival and was able to lock away Zinoviev and Kamenev; however this was only the start to which he established a personal dictatorship. The main reason I believe that allowed him to establish a personal dictatorship was the trial of twenty one. This trial rid of him his rivals and allowed him to eliminate the right. The trail gave him power and sent fear into anyone who tried to oppose him.

Analysis of “Their Eyes Were Watching God” Essay

The search for one’s identity is as poignant for the fictional character Janie as it was for former slave Frederick Douglass. Douglass used education to form an independent identity, which would separate him from the white slave masters. In contrast, Janie attempts to construct a dependent identity through marriage to each of her three husbands. With the death of her final husband Tea Cake, she plants the seeds he left behind, symbolically proving that she has grown as the seeds will grow and she is now a woman with her own identity. Janie’s first husband Logan does not understand that like any plant, Janie needs room to grow. He gives Janie material advantages through his sixty acres of land, but does not know how to treat her as his wife and not a servant. The reader receives a glimpse into his heart as he sobs while shouting his suspicion that she is planning to leave him, proving that he does want to please her. Through their lack of communication, however, Janie feels that the relationship is dead and leaves to marry Joe Starks, whom she believes will always provide her with springtime. Joe Starks gives her material wealth as well as a prominent position in the community for the price of her ultimate subservience. He is a jealous husband so she is not allowed to let her hair down in the store for fear that other men might covet it, and he refuses to let her take part in the community gatherings outside the store. After seven years of marriage and constant submission, Janie reflects on their relationship, realizing that â€Å"She wasn’t petal-open with him anymore.† As in her first marriage, Joe wants someone who will serve him and fill the role of the mayor’s wife, not an equal partner. While married to Joe she can only be the mayor’s wife and receive respect through his position instead of receiving respect for herself. Janie’s final marriage to Tea Cake teaches her to love herself, though at first she still is dependent upon having a man around for a sense of identity. She places great importance on his desire to play checkers with her and it seems as though Janie will always need a man beside her for fulfillment. Tea Cake shows her to love each aspect of herself. Janie comments on their blooming relationship during the hurricane, â€Å"If you can see the light at daybreak, you don’t keer if you die at dusk. It’s so many people never seen de light at all.† Janie’s light is her newfound ability to realize her worth. When Tea Cake is bit by the mad dog and attempts to bite her Janie saves herself, knowing that he loved her more. At the novel’s conclusion Janie says, â€Å"Two things everybody’s got tuh do fuh theyselves. They got tuh go tuh God, and they got tuh find out about livin’ fuh theyselves.† Thus power of truth for Janie is not book knowledge, but rather the knowledge that she has grown to discover an identity all her own.

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Manage people perfomance - Essay Example Assisting employees to identify their area of competency and providing them the opportunity to implement it. Conducting evaluation after certain time intervals. Identifying the poor performances and offering support to improvise on those areas. Policy Implementation: The policy is applicable to all the staff members of the company (including both permanent and temporary) who has been associated with the company for a period of at least 6 months. Manager Responsibilities: The responsibility of a manager are as follows: - To oversee, measure and administer the perfoamcne of the employees. To conduct regular feedback meeting To make the employees aware of their downsides and recommended them options of overcoming the same. Employee’s Responsibility: The staff members are responsible for undertaking the following tasks: - Employees have the responsibility to achieve satisfactory levels of performance Employees also have the responsibility to attend all the meetings. Participating in the employee development programs to improve skills. To communicate any problems related to perfoamcne activities to the supervisors. Performance Management Framework: R nt Equity: The policy is applicable for everybody and it will not give any special preference to the organization hierarchy. Performance Management KPIs: It is important to manage the performance of the employees after the perfoamcne management framework has been defined. In this context, ‘Productivity’ can be used as a key performance indicator. Hence, ‘increasing the overall productivity’ is the aim of this policy. Funding: Several funding opportunities are available when it comes to training and development of the employees. For example, government as well as NGOs often offers financial incentives for this purposes. However, for this purpose it is expected that the company will be able to finance the process itself. . Procedure Procedure # -SNA 1212 Task Description: - Performance man agement Department: Human Resource Date: 31 October 2013 Action Description Standard WHO Performance Review Procedure Coaching Procedure Disciplinary Procedure Grievance Procedure To Review the perfoamcne of the employees To highlight the coaching procedure to be used. To State about the steps to be taken for managing discipline within the organization To manage grievances of the employees Overall Output and Productivity of the employees Mentoring, Training and Development Establishment of Rules and regulations and robust governance framework Employment of a liaison to look after the grievances of employees HR department Training and Development HR Department & Immediate Mangers Senior Management PART 2 – Managing Employee Performance Let us take the name of the fictitious company as AB Corporation and names of the three people whose performances to be managed are Mr. X, Ms. Y and Mr.

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Citizenship in the Age of the Internet - Essay Example E-voting system gained more popularity among the people of Swaziland. The process of election became easier and the burden of counting the votes was eradicated. This was the major advantage of the e-voting system. Though the people had certain inhibitions in during the initial stages of implementation, they were impressed by the ease of use. This led to the success of e-voting system. Since only registered parties can contest in the elections, it is easier for the government to conduct elections. (Gritzalis, 2003). The entire process of voter registration, vote casting and counting is made in a simpler way. The e-voting system gained popularity within a short period of time due to its faster processing. The election conducted in the year 2008 was a complete success due to the implementation of e-voting system. There was a drastic increase in the number of voters when compared to the previous elections. People turned out in large numbers and the election took place in a hassle free manner. The reason for the increase in the number of people was due to the installation of e-voting system. This made the job of voting easier and people exhibited more interest. The pre-election process was also simple since the system contained all the relevant information. The procedures were clearly explained in the system and this reduced the burden of explaining them explicitly.

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Post Modern Preaching - Term Paper Example In words by Allen religion significance has declined over the years (78). The author further argues that this is attributed to the fact that preachers and religious institutions have lost touch with the modern generation. Most preachers still use the old ways of passing the message to the audience. As much as these methods are pure and original, their impact in the modern society has been diminished. The modern society needs something that connects with them with the current emerging trends- a message that may help them go through modern society challenges. This is one factor that preachers have failed to achieve in preaching. This has made most religious institution lose touch with the society. According to Allen just like we embrace technology and globalization in our societies, preachers should embrace the use of the same in delivering sermons (29). However, many religious practices have been able to adjust to these changes and still hold much significance in the society. They are referred to the igeneration preachers. They believe in preaching the word in the most appropriate way in the perspective of their audience. This includes use of modern tools and instruments, applying of global trending society topics and accepting the fact that exposure level of the modern spiritual is deep and the approach should be the same. The growth of the church has been significant throughout the centuries. In the ancient religious settings, preachers or religious leaders did not have a tiring task of passing the message to the audience. This is attributed to the fact the audience has so much believe in religion and they were not exposed to technological trends. LaRue argues life was simpler and less complicated to believe in (112). People in the ancient centuries did not have much of tasks and factors distracting them from adhering to the gospel. This scenario has completely changed in the modern generation. Hilliard argues that the modern society is exposed to less spiritu ality and more of economic or social activities (98). This creates the gap between the modern society and religion. Preachers have to develop ways to reach out to the occupied generation (Allen 85). It has ceased to be an obligation that people have to attend religious services like people used to in the back days. For the modern society to be inclined to religious activities, there must that outstanding factor driving this objective. In words by Arendell for preachers to remain significant in what they do, they must be able to advance to the same level as the social trends have (211). This may include using the most common tool to reach out the modern generation: the social network (Hilliard 90). The growth of the church in the African American perspective displays the same results. The ancient African American church was known for its significance in society. The church was a spiritual hub for all ages. It was a compulsory function in the whole society as parents exposed their chi ldren to spirituality at a tender age. This practice created a long line of spiritual generations. In words by Arendell the African American society was one of the most religious societies in the United States (145). The author further argues that this was attributed to the fact the passing down of religious beliefs in the society was effective. As generations passed, this fact slowly changed. One religious practice that was first to be rejected was the door to door preaching. It faced great

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Interview with the Vampire - Movie Review Example This is one of the main characteristics of vampire protagonist, which is the sense of belongingness. Also, in the light of Louis, he wanted to escape the pain that he has been experiencing for almost a year due to the death of his wife and his child. He wanted to die and wanted someone to end his life for him, which brought him to being a vampire. He is described by Lestat as â€Å"...perfect.... bitter, and ...strong.† The vampire protagonist, i.e. Louis, may be inhumane and may have discarded the morals of a human being, but he still longs to be loved and feel the basic human emotions. Furthermore, vampire protagonists are considered as outlaws; this is exemplified in their act of killing and feeding on human beings. However, Louis, as much as possible wanted to feed on the blood of the animals. As he said during an encounter with Lestat â€Å"we can live on animals. We can live without taking human life.† Also, another difference is that a vampire protagonist may fee l the full human experience, but on the part of Louis, he was not able to succeed on this. He stated that there was â€Å"no passion in me any longer. I am reverent. A spirit with preternatural flesh. It ended when I saw Claudia burnt to ashes in that airwell. My dreams died with Claudia. My faith.† Nonetheless, a vampire protagonist is greatly depicted in the characters of Louis and Claudia because they have felt security and acceptance in their relationship, which are great characteristics of a vampire protagonist (Day

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The future of photography - Essay Example In spite of the fact that Kodak transformed the first advanced Polaroid, the business movement to computerized symbolism took a toll, leaving the organization fiscally tested in the course of recent decades, and inevitably heading Kodak to record a $6.75 billion chapter 11 in January 2012 (Collins, 23-31). In addition, Kodak have risen as an innovation organization serving imaging for business markets including bundling, useful printing, realistic interchanges and expert administrations. The organization for a long time have been revitalized by change and rebuilt to turn into an imposing contender leaner, with a solid capital structure, a sound asset report, and the business best innovation. With its key center now on fast advanced printing engineering and bundling for customer products, Kodak is normal in the following 25 years to have incomes of about $2.5 billion (Snyder, 9-12). Throughout the span of the 20-month liquidation incidents, Kodak sold off numerous licenses to individual industry titans including Apple, Amazon, Blackberry, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, and Samsung. Tragically, the monetary yield was considerably lower than anticipated. Kodak was searching for more than $2 billion for its 1,100 advanced imaging licenses, yet was just equipped to create about $525 million. At last, the rebuilding arrangement worked out an annuity debate with organization retirees, yet wiped out its shareholders. Secured lenders and second-lien note holders are normal be pained up all required funds, despite the fact that general unsecured banks are just anticipated that will accept four or five pennies on the dollar (Eastman Kodak Co). Whats to come for Kodak in the following 25 years in any case, is brilliant. This is confirmation recognizing the way that one of Kodaks greatest remaining possessions is its exceptionally decently distinguished and made brand, which has been so well known for so long. While

Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art History - Essay Example Rome and Alba Longa experienced conflicts due to power struggles and quest for more territories. The painting depicts three brothers saluting their dad who takes away their swords. They are taking an oath on their swords which Horatii will then hand to them. The period reflected in the painting was a creation of David to accomplish his creative goals. Since the ancient times, art has been used to help in creating a sense of imagery and convey a hidden message. The painting creates a sense of heroism as it was created just before the French Revolution (Kleiner, 2010, p. 356). The sons maintain the use of power to fight the enemy. The French authorities use the painting as a propaganda tool to create nationalism within the country. Ideally, the government wanted the citizens to uphold the sense of loyalty and pride as depicted by the loyalty that the Horatii brothers had towards their city. The government was concerned about the deportation of the citizens (Kleiner, 2010, p. 342). The government was for the idea that painting would help in bringing the citizens together, thus realizing nationalism. The painting inspired loyalty and bravery among the French nationals. Further, the picture shows two women who were associated with the Curiatii. Nonetheless, the two brothers are not concerned about the sobbing women but are ready to sacrifice for their city. The painting The Oath of the Horatii helped in laying the foundation for Neoclassicism (Gardner & Kleiner, 2010). Propagandas are aimed at convincing the citizens of the particular policies as well as create social norms through endorsing particular social behaviors. David had developed his own symbolic language, although he had detailed a technique to represent the inner ideas and situations in the society. His works on paintings demonstrated the allure of classical and revival art, that was noticeable in his style and political symbolism. David’s art was integrated in his limitless and

Analyze opportunity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analyze opportunity - Assignment Example such, with the increase in the number of individuals across different cultures preferring to take breakfast away from home, McDonalds is represented with a unique opportunity to increase its entrees in order to accommodate such individuals’ needs. In addition, with the new wave of globalization, McDonalds faces an opportunity to expand to other countries that they have not been able to reach yet (Yuece, 2012). Case in point, expansion into these countries requires the company to expand its entries in order to incorporate the cultural preferences of individuals within the new markets. Moreover, with the struggling global economy, McDonalds can increase the breakfast entrees to accommodate individuals with low income. This would allow the organization to reach out to a wider range of the consumers and increase the market share. Given the opportunities towards which McDonalds is exposed, there are various recommendations that would facilitate the organizations increase of breakfast entries. One of the recommendations is for McDonalds to provide new healthier entrees that would counter the various issues that have arisen concerning the negative impact of its foods on health. In every occasion and market, it is important for McDonalds to target markets using clear personalized positioning, with a detailed understanding of the breakfast needs and preferences of the targeted market. Lastly, through increasing the advertising and promotional techniques, McDonalds would be able to use its large market share and brand loyalty to increase publicity concerning new breakfast entries and thus increase

Theology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Theology - Assignment Example Another event that happened to the followers was the formation of prayer fellowships. They gathered to pray each day (chapter 4). It is attributed to the fact that they realized Jesus was not with them, and to practice His teachings, they had to pray for unity. The fellowships brought into existence, the early church. Believers were first called Christians at Antioch (Chapter 11). Another change is that the disciples were persecuted. Peter was arrested on several occasions and put in jail. During his detention, the rest of the disciples prayed and the angel of God released him out of jail (Chapter 12). James, the brother of Andrew, was beheaded (Chapter 12) while Stephen was stoned to death because of their faith in Jesus (Chapter 6). The church grew in size, and the disciples dispersed to all parts of the world to preach the gospel of Christ. All believers underwent baptism and became a part of the congregation. It is the beginning of evangelism and Paul, after his conversion, preached to

School Uniform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

School Uniform - Essay Example Brunsma argues that uniforms help to save money for families by ensuring that children do not pressurize their parents to buy them expensive clothes (38). However, uniforms are not cheap and must be bought year after year as the children grow bigger and older uniform no longer fits them. Moreover, children will still demand new uniform due to wear and tear. Two sets of uniforms are required thereby increasing the cost of education. Emphasis on school uniforms also leads to the emergence of cartels that control the market charging exorbitant prices to parents because most of them must buy them under the guise of â€Å"back to school offers† (Gouge, 82). During elementary level, I and my siblings exerted undue pressure on our parents to buy new uniforms as a result of the â€Å"back to school† excitement. Children and their parents flocked uniform shops creating a sharp rise in demand that caused price increases. It is also important to understand that buying uniforms doe s not mean that children will not demand regular designer clothes suitable for seasons such as summer and winter. It is therefore obvious that school uniforms do not help parents to save money.   Haydon supports the idea of school uniforms as a symbol of belonging to a certain organization. It is viewed as a symbol of pride that also creates a sense of identity for the school and the students within the community, thereby promoting learning. It is part of an organizational culture of a school and demonstrates that students appreciate being part of it (25).

FINAL PROJECT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

FINAL PROJECT - Assignment Example It is no surprise that the running theme of 21st century literature is escapism. Escape from our stresses and limitations; freedom from the normalcy and structure of our day to day lives. Popular novels, short stories, and tales of all ages, which has been directly reflected in films and television as well, center on the lives of wizards with a destiny greater than themselves, romantic vampire tales that promise things like immortality and â€Å"plenty of time† to do as we please, fairy tales, science fictions, and superheroes. Anything that separates people from their own existence as it is, even if only for a time. Paige Bradley’s sculpture, â€Å"Expansion,† is a stunning and thought-provoking piece that captures the modern human need to free itself from all the restrictions of life, even those of the body. The sculpture captures that moment when ones inner light, soul, spirit, or inner essence, however you preference to perceive it, breaking through the flesh. At the same time the peaceful expression and meditative pose of the figure shares with us that this experience is enlightening, not painful or unpleasant. It is a desired occurrence, perhaps a needed one. As stated before we all have a need to be acknowledged, respected, and appreciated for our inner selves not just our external existence. The artist herself explained that she fears that, â€Å"†¦ we are more defined by the container we are in, rather than what we are inside.†("Paige bradley," 2012) That said, this piece captures the human need to escape from the restrictions, be they physical, economical, or social that bind us. These are the same restrictions that encourage us to seek the same escapism in our modern

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Globalization - Essay Example Misunderstandings are common, and these can have serious consequences ranging from the failure of business operations to the needless suffering of individuals caught in a culture far removed from that of their birth, and even to war and destruction when nations fail to come to a workable understanding of each other’s aspirations. This paper examines two ways in which communication theory and cultural studies can be helpful in preventing cross-cultural miscommunication. The first is the discipline’s potential to clarify and explain the role of ritual in human interactions, and this is explored using the example of health services which have to operate in one particular culture, but deal with clients from multiple different cultures. The second is the process that can be called â€Å"clarification of values† which underpins intercultural understanding, and this is explored using example of business relations between China and the Western world which includes Europe and America. The paper aims therefore to demonstrate on a small and then on a larger scale, the value of two aspects of communication theory and cultural studies in the modern world. ... Such extreme distinctions underpinned ideologies like colonialism and slavery which privileged white, western ideas above other types of culture. In the twentieth century, studies such as those of Adorno and Horkheimer observed the cataclysmic world wars, the horrors of Fascism, and the rise of capitalist consumerism and rightly concluded that Western culture was capable of untold atrocities. This brought into question all the former assumptions about the superiority of Western elitist cultural assumptions. They concluded that the alliance of financial interests with cultural expression had resulted in a commodification of culture into what amounts to an industry. The effects of this were seen as negative, dragging culture down into a lowest common denominator and marketing it to make money: â€Å"The result is the circle of manipulation and retroactive need in which the unity of the system grows ever stronger.† (Adorno and Horkheimer, 1999, p. 33) In a way this line of thinki ng can be seen as reaction against the elitist view of culture that had prevailed in the previous century. More recent cultural theorists have formulated a more positive view of culture, seeing it as a multi-faceted quality of human behaviour that is far from unified, and holds the promise of continued development and renewal due to the interaction of many different cultures. The work of bel hooks, for example, redefines the complacent elitism of dominant beliefs in America at the time of the civil rights movement as â€Å"white supremacist capitalist patriarchy† (hooks, 1999, p. 235) and promotes the ideal of â€Å"cultural diversity† (hooks, 1999, p. 239) which instead of supporting dominant

Program Enhancement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Program Enhancement - Essay Example Under this program, young teenagers who have pleaded guilty of minor crimes are taken to a court that is run by teenagers who act as judges, attorneys, and bailiffs. The Teen Court then sets the punishment for the offenders, which include community service, touring a jail, writing apology letters or essay on assigned topics, or attending school regularly (Boys Scout of America, 2010). The Teen Court is effective since it is teenagers who offer judgment and punishment to the offenders. In addition, giving the fact that defendants must also serve in the court as judges, there is less likelihood that they will take part in crime again since they would also have participated in punishing a crime (Boys Scout of America, 2010). In order to enhance the effectiveness of the program, repeat crime either minor or major should warrant for formal prosecution at the juvenile justice system. Secondly, the program should ensure that teenagers who participate in the court proceedings are sourced from other regions so that they remain unknown to the court offenders and hence give an opportunity for fair

Paramedics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Paramedics - Essay Example Paramedics will always interact with students who come to learn and gain field experience. Interaction between a qualified paramedic and a paramedical student can result into fruitful learning session in both theoretical and practical skills (Taghavi et al. 2012). There are various ways in which students interact with paramedics and any encounter presents a chance for learning. Due to the nature of work, paramedics are always in constant oscillation between health facilities and places of emergency. This implies that learners have to follow the paramedics’ team to interact with them in either of the places. While in the emergency areas, paramedics are more involved in saving live, reducing the number of casualties and stabilizing those who are severely ill or injured. Interaction here is by active participation of students, with the guidance of qualified paramedics. Procedures and lifesaving skills are taught by experience and observation. On the other hand, paramedics located in health institutions interact with learners variously; those performing certain procedures engage students either through observation, asking of question related to the procedure at hand or carry out demonstrations for learners (Halpern et al. 2012). While the patient is transferred to another facility for further management, continuous medical care is provided, a learner who is with the paramedic has a chance to observe the whole process of care and ask relevant question. Also he or she actively participates in providing care under supervision.

A FORMAL ANALYSIS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A FORMAL ANALYSIS - Assignment Example paper will offer a formal analysis of this painting, exploring its formal properties, subject matter, historical context and describing any symbolism exhibited in the work. In 1907, Henri Matisse did a painting on canvas using oil that he named â€Å"Blue Nude.† Notably, he relied on his use of bright colors in this painting and a high level of primitivism. Henri Matisse had earned recognition as one of the 20th century artists who produced colorful artworks. This preference is exhibited in this painting. His primitivism has been described through his use of strokes in the painting. Moreover, the strokes were sketchy like as he did his painting (Bohm-Duchen 55). The sketch like strokes is more evident in the shading of the underside of the woman’s breasts as well as the inner side of both her face and thighs. In these areas, Matisse relied on sketchy strokes to place emphasis on the undersides. Moreover, Matisse relied on color and such sketchy lines in his evident efforts to exhibit shadows and other physical details on the woman’s body. Notably, this painting has been considered as an abstract and not real because the artistic el ements used to highlight shadows and other physical details of the woman prove to be unrealistic. Moreover, Matisse missed out in giving clear details of the feet and the toes as well as the fingers. Notably, the painting appears to be hard and rough because of the style used. The faint details that define the painting as well as the roughness implied serve to emphasize the abstract nature of the painting. Moreover, Matisse does not present specific details of the background, although the audience can identify some plants and flowers. Moreover, Matisse’s primitivism of style is also exhibited by the evident exaggerations as he tried to outline the woman’s body (DSouza 70). For example, he makes her look like she has muscle, a body that is uncommon among women. The pores of the woman are also revealed by his sketchy lines and

Computer Addiction Essay Example for Free

Computer Addiction Essay Computer addiction is a mental illness which causes the excessive use of computers to the extent that it interferes with daily life. Excessive use may explain problems in social interaction, mood, personality, work ethic, relationships, thought processes, or sleep deprivation. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders does not include a diagnosis for such a disease. The term †²computer addiction†² originated long before the Internet. Some people develop bad habits in their computer use that cause them significant problems in their lives. The types of behavior and negative consequences are similar to those of known addictive disorders. Effects Excessive computer use may result in, or occur with: Lack of social interaction. Using the computer for pleasure, gratification, or relief from stress. Feeling irritable and out of control or depressed when not using it. Spending increasing amounts of time and money on hardware, software, magazines, and computer-related activities. Neglecting work, school, or family obligations. Lying about the amount of time spent on computer activities. Risking loss of career goals, educational objectives, and personal relationships. Failing at repeated efforts to control computer use. A cause for many of the above-mentioned effects may be that computer games do not stimulate the release of neurotransmitters responsible for feelings of satisfaction and relaxation, such as oxytocin and endorphin, in the same way that real world activities do. Bibliography Exhaustion most likely cause of death, 2007, Chinese gamer dies after three-day session , vnunet.com, [Online], Available: http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2198850/chinese-man-dies-three-days [2009, April 14]. About online gamers anoymous 2009, , OLG, [Online], Available: http://www.olganon.org/ [2009, April 14]. Block, 2008, Issues for DSM-V: Internet Addiction Available: http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/165/3/306 [2009, April 14]. Chinese suicide shows addiction dangers Online life proves too appealing n.d., , Play.tm, [Online], Available: http://play.tm/news/5928/chinese-suicide-shows-addiction-dangers/ [2009, April 14]. Experts debate internet addiction 2006 , Nov. 14 Available: http://www.physorg.com/news82749930.html [2009, April 14]. How computer addiction works 2009, Available: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/computer-addiction3.htm [2009, April 14]. Orzack, n.d., Computer addiction services Available: http://www.computeraddiction.com/peter.htm [2009, April 14].

Introduction to Early Childhood Education - Assessment Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Early Childhood Education Assessment Essay Identify THREE quality indicators relevant to early childhood education and discuss why they are important for children, parents, and/or society. 300 words. The first quality indicator relevant to early childhood education would be people. Letting your child learn in an environment where the teachers and assistants are expert, well-trained and the majority of them hold qualifications in the area. They should be able to fully understand your child’s needs, communicate well with them ensuring they make your child feel safe and comfortable being around them. They should also be trusted and respected by staff, parents and children. The ‘place or environment’ would be the second indicator. The learning environment should make all children feel welcome regardless of the cultural, ethnic or language background. They should be able to provide a variety of, materials, equipment and play activity arranged to encourage children to learn. A stimulating outdoor environment that challenges and motivates children to explore, run and play is also important. An environment where they feel safe, and where parents can see their child, and feel comfortable knowing they are there. They should be able to feel secure in the environment they are in and to know their children can only benefit from being there. ‘Programme’ the third indicator. A quality learning programme should provide lots of learning opportunities in a wide range of different areas (reading, water play, sand play, dress-up, science, social play). A variety of activities either working in small groups or individual interactions with teachers. Parents should be able to BEd111: Introduction to Early Childhood Education Assessment 20120778 Tourmaline Munday- Cooper 2 to understand themselves about what their child is learning, having good communication with the centre employees, knowing what is going on and understanding their ways etc. an eye out being a parent and understanding the centres way. Teachers should always build trusting relationships with parents while always respecting and supporting different families cultures and languages. Reference List (ASPECTS OF QUALITY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION Valerie N. Podmore and Anne Meade With Anne Kerslake Hendricks, 2000) (Collins Concise Dictionary, 2001, p. 1224). (Gibbs, C. (2006). To be a teacher: Journeys towards authenticity. Auckland: Pearson Education. ) BEd111: Introduction to Early Childhood Education Assessment 20120778 Tourmaline Munday- Cooper 3 Identify TWO early childhood services in your community. Briefly explain their history and then compare and contrast their philosophies, educational goals and the strategies employed to achieve these goals. 450 words. Montessori is a philosophy and method of education pioneered by the Italian educationalist Dr Maria Montessori (The first Montessori school opened in 1909, the first Waldorf school in 1919 and the first Playcentre in the 1930s) Montessori casa dei bambini or childrens house was first opened in San Lorenzo, Rome, Italy. Dr Maria Montessori recognised that the first six years of a child’s life are the most important. Dr Montessori, trialled many materials and activities, but kept only those to which the children were spontaneously and repeatedly drawn. Playcentre began in 1941 primarily as a support service to women left raising children alone due to partners being away with the Second World War. Lack of transport and low family incomes were the reality for many women. Playcentres original aims were â€Å"to provide leisure for mothers and opportunities for the social development of the pre-school child† (Stover, 1998, p. 3). Playcentre is a stimulating environment, they provide a diverse and rich range of experiences, unlimited free play across all 16 areas of play, and a child initiated curriculum. Montessori has a certain structure and is based on their own philosophy unlike playcentre. Playcentre is a parent run co-operative it relies heavily on parental input, participation and support. Montessori aim is to provide an environment with structure and activities that meet the needs of the children and by giving them freedom to move and act within it, it was said that Dr Montessori had revealed the â€Å"true nature† of the child. Their philosophy is aimed for Children to be encouraged to be firmly grounded in reality before being exposed to fantasy. Montessori classrooms are very BEd111: Introduction to Early Childhood Education Assessment 20120778 Tourmaline Munday- Cooper 4 quiet, as children are deeply absorbed in their work. They input this by managing the classroom materials into six areas (Practical Life Exercises, Sensorial Material, Art, Mathemartics, language, cultural subjects, and also physical is brought into their daily routine). Playcentre however is marked by a stimulating environment, providing a diverse and rich range of experiences, unlimited free play across all 16 areas of play, and a child initiated curriculum. Their views and goals are to promote children’s learning through play, Family involvement ( based on the importance of parents as educators of their own children) They like to View children as people who are strong and capable and can make their own choices about how and where to play (childinitiated play). Playcentre teachers are trained parents who take quite a hands on approach and implement learning, using a lot of open ended questions to extend children’s thinking. Montessori and playcentre have different methods. Both focus on the wellbeing of children, and help promote them to learn and grow through many different approaches. The key difference between Playschool and Montessori is that at playschool the whole family joins, rather than it just being a provider of education for the child. Reference List (Pre-schoolers: Preschool Education: Types of Early Childhood Care KYLIE VALENTINE 2010) (Stover, 1998, p. 3). May, H. (2002, Winter). Early childhood care and education in Aotearoa – New Zealand: An overview of history, policy and curriculum. McGill Journal of Education BEd111: Introduction to Early Childhood Education Assessment 20120778 Tourmaline Munday- Cooper 5. Discuss THREE of the following significant factors which were covered in this course and that promote health and safety in early childhood centres and explain the role of the early childhood practitioner in promoting and implementing these factors: 1. Providing a safe environment 2. Providing a hygienic and clean environment 3. Identifying and responding to childhood illness ‘Providing a safe environment’ Being a teacher, means constantly observing children and setting safety rules for them to create a safe centre. This is only part of the process. Teachers must always watch for hazardous situations. Toys, equipment, electrical appliances, hot water, and cleaning supplies can pose danger to children. Centre vehicles and the building itself can also be hazardous to children. As well as outdoor activities, certain heights and lengths of equipment need to be suitable for the environment as these pose a danger to children also. â€Å"Exploration is an important part of a child’s growth and development, and increased independence. However, that exploration should take place in an environment that is as free of hazards as possible† (MoH, 1997, p.71). ). The teacher’s role in identifying and removing or minimising potential hazards is vital. (See Moe, 2008, HS12-16, p. 19) A teacher’s first job should be to look at the environment where the children are going to play first thing in the morning, if there is anything unusual, broken or out of place that could be risk. Toy safety is another, choosing the items correctly the item itself, size, if it is appropriate for their age, etc. Picking safe toys and materials greatly reduces the risk of serious injury. Small things can cause serious harm, e. g. choking. However as a teacher, you must supervise children at all times when using BEd111: Introduction to Early Childhood Education Assessment 20120778 Tourmaline Munday- Cooper 6 the toys/playing. Creating rules for the children helps implement the importance of safety to them as well. ‘Providing a hygienic and clean environment ‘ In an Early childhood centre it is essential that all equipment is cleaned daily/weekly/monthly everything is to be sanitised/disinfected especially With children having access to all sorts of equipment daily (putting toys in their mouths, several hands touching the toys etc. ) It is very important for learning environments to be clean and safe as Germs can easily spread fast among children who play together. (Air, coughing, sneezing, Body waste and fluids, faeces, urine, saliva, mucus, skin, wounds, parasite, Blood, viruses and bacteria). Teachers should encourage children to also get involved with personal hygiene, getting them to blow their noses on tissues, washing hands before and after eating, or using the bathroom, this shows them how to help stay clean. â€Å"The importance of effective hand-washing for educators and children cannot be over-emphasised. Hand-washing is essential following animal handling, rubbish removal, outdoor activities, nose blowing, toileting and preceding food handling and consumption (MoH, 1997)† There are more strategies teachers influence to keep a safe healthy environment such as when a new child starts they talk about immunisation (immunisation charts) and excursion if a child is ill. These hygiene practices can likely reduce the spread of germs or uncleanliness in learning settings and it is essential to have a cleaning schedule. ‘†Identifying and responding to childhood illness† Early childhood teachers should be able to tell the signs and symptoms of an ill child . They should provide appropriate care for a child who is unwell. Sick children are usually have no interest in play, have BEd111: Introduction to Early Childhood Education Assessment 20120778 Tourmaline Munday- Cooper 7 little energy, short tempered and upset, may want to be held and comforted, fever, vomiting or diarrhoea. Parents should be notified, so they can come and collect their child. It is important to isolate the child from the group to prevent infecting others. A staff member must supervise the child closely, as a young child’s condition can change rapidly and they may need urgent attention. Children should always be reminded to also help stop spreading illness, they need to be given an idea, they may not understand the detail but as simple as reminding them to put their hand over their mouth when they sneeze or cough, grabbing a tissue when needed etc. Staff must always enforce hygienic care. Staff with Appropriate first aid should be administered to help with a situation where a child needs tending too e. g. If they are hurt, and need wounds cleaned and banded. The Ministry of Health (1997) advises that children should stay away from early childhood services when they are ill. Depending on your childcare provider they to have their own policy towards the issue. Teachers are not expected to diagnose conditions, that is what the doctors are for. However, having knowledge of how certain illnesses manifest, spread, and incubate is very important. Having a first aid certificate is a positive in the childcare industry having the knowledge of what to do in certain situations, it benefits the children and the centre. Reference List Auckland Regional Public Health Service. (May 2010). Health safety guidelines for early childhood centres. Retrieved 19th September, 2011, fromhttp://www. arphs. govt. nz/Portals/0/Health%20Information/PDFs/ECC_HealthSafet yGuidelines. pdf Childcare illness from http://www. careforkids. com. au/articlesv2/article. asp? ID=71 (Ministry of Health, 1997).

Out Of The Silent Planet Notes English Literature Essay

Out Of The Silent Planet Notes English Literature Essay Chapter 1 Dr. Ransom, a philologist, is wandering streets, looking for a place to stay when a woman sees him, and calls to him mistaking him for her son, Harry. After a conversation, and in half pity for the woman, half desire to find a place to stay, Ransom goes to retrieve Harry from his place of work, a farm called The Rise. After sneaking into the back yard, Ransom finds two men holding the boy in the Professors house he calls out and they approach him. The men are Mr. Devine, who was a school mate of Ransom, and Professor Weston, and physicist. The men claim to be putting Harry in the washhouse because hes become hysterical, Harry claims that they are forcing him into Westons laboratory. Because of Ransoms relationship to Devine, the arrangements are made for Ransom to take a rest, then to take Harry home, and finally return to the house to sleep. Devine seems overly accepting, Weston is not happy about Ransom, and Ransom is very suspicious and uneasy about all of it but is too tired to care. Chapter 2 Devine brings out a bottle of champagne, and quizzes Ransom about his life. Ransom was in the army, and now has only a married sister in India. No one knows or cares where he is. Devine eventually begins to fill the glasses, his own first, and realizes he is out of champagne. He asks if Ransom would like water, and Ransom accepts. Minutes later, Devine returns. Ransom drinks it, and minutes later fades into unconsciousness. He has a dream about the two men and himself climbing a wall to a dark side with queer beings. He wakes up, still foggy, and hears the two talking of using him as an experimental subject, or not using the boy Harry. Devine leaves, and Ransom throws himself at Westons feet, knocking him over. Ransom runs, and opens the front door, but is hit in the head, and dragged back inside the house. Chapter 3 Ransom wakes up in a bed, with a skylight above him. He believes the moon is lighting his room from it. He looks at the walls, and believes they are going outwards, making the room larger, but he then also believe they are all perpendicular. He realizes the walls are metal, that there is a mechanical vibration, and that there are small irregular things hitting the room from above because of this, Ransom decides hes in an airship. He realizes the moon is far too big, and becomes panicked. Just then, a naked Weston enters. Ransom, more concerned with where he is, sobbing, asks Weston what it is, it cant be the moon. Weston says it is the Earth. Chapter 4 Ransom is horrified, and demands answers of Weston. He asks how the ship works, and why he was kidnapped. Weston says he will not say how it works, because Ransom wouldnt understand, and even if he did he wouldnt be told. All Weston will say is that it is powered by solar radiation. Weston says they are going to Malacandra, a planet it our solar system. Malacandra is its real name, not the one we named it. Weston knows this as he claims to have contact with its inhabitants, he claims to have been to this planet before. As far as kidnapping, and Ransoms purpose, Weston has no idea he says he is following orders. When Ransom asks whos, Weston changes subject to breakfast. Once outside his room, Ransom strips naked and puts on a weighted harness. He then has breakfast with Weston, and Weston tells him there is not enough oxygen on the ship for Ransom to ask so many questions. Weston then exits through an unknown door. Chapter 5 Ransom takes on the duty of steward and cook on the ship, doing what he can. He explores the ship as far as he is allowed, but is never allowed into what he assumes is the control room Devine and Weston take shifts in there. Ransom begins to feel happy, invigorated. Weston explains it as getting sun rays that never reach Earth, but Ransom suspects its because the nightmare he imagined space to be, it is not. About two weeks into the journey, Ransom returns to finish some preparations in the galley late at night, and hears the two men discussing him as a human sacrifice. Ransom decides suicide would be better than this, gets a knife, and brings it back to his bed. Chapter 6 Ransom feels invigorated once again by the adventure, and the threat of death. He is sure he could face it if the time came. The ship begins to get pulled in by Malacandras gravity, and the walls become floors as the center of gravity on the ship shifts. Ransom, with Devine and Weston, moves things to compensate for this. The ship is starting to land, and the light dims. Ransom hates this, seeing this destination as a negative. He thinks of how he believed planets were the centers of life, little earths, and he now believes they subtract from space, not add to it. Chapter 7 The ship lands and the three men get off the ship, and go to the hut Devine and Weston built on a previous journey, which Ransom thought was built by the aliens. Ransom realizes the ship and hut are on a peninsula of sorts in a lake. After lunch, Ransom and the men see six elongated creatures, two or three times the height of men. In chapter 8, Ransoms decides these are sorns. Devine and Weston attempt to push Ransom into the water with them, deciding the creatures wanted them to go across. Suddenly, Weston fires his revolver at something, a black torpedo creature coming toward the men. Weston releases Ransom as he fire, and Ransom runs. He sees Devine groan, jaws snapping, and Devine collapsing into the water. He hears Westons pistol fire again and again as Ransom runs away into a forest of unknown vegetation. Chapter 8 Ransom walks through the forest, tired and full. He takes in the landscape odd vegetation, small red creatures, and warm water streams lighter in color than the lake. He realizes the water is warm and fizzy. Next to the warm, heating water, Ransom lays down promising only a short rest, as he fears the black creatures may be in the water. He falls asleep. Chapter 9 Ransom wakes up convinced he will meet Ransom, convincing himself he is Ransom, and then talking himself out of it. He contemplates whether or not he is mad, and maybe he is in an asylum on Earth and is imagining the whole thing. Ransom then sees a herd of giraffe like creatures they are taller and skinnier that eat the leafs on the trees. It calms him, until he sees close behind a sorn. He runs in fright, and ends up by more water. A black, seal like creature emerges from the water. It is covered in a black hairy coat, and is around seven feet tall and very skinny. It begins to talk an unknown language to itself, and Ransom gets its attention. They stare at each other in fright for a moment, until the seal thing begins to walk away. In English, he calls it back and it comes. Through gestures, they communicate, and he learns it is a hross, and it speaks its own hross language, which it attempts to teach him. With gestures, the hross gives him food and drink. Chapter 10 Ransom travels with the hross all day long on the boat, on choppy waters that cause him to vomit. He realizes that handramit is lowland, handra is land, and harandra is highland. He also realizes that the earth itself is not the same, valleys are not formed by mountains, but by cracks or separations in the planet itself. Ransom is taken by the hross to a fire, where there are many hrossa, and baby hrossa as well. Ransom is content, and falls asleep. Chapter 11 Hyoi is the hross Ransom first met. Ransom has spent weeks with the hross, and he sees them as old stone age creatures. They have bare necessities, and nothing else. Clumsy, improvised pots and tools. Besides this, all they have is a poetry/music art, which each group of 4 hrossa practices. Eventually, Ransom comes to form habits, begin to understand the language, and become part of the group. He comes to find out they understand astronomy, as he learns language from the elder hross, Hnohra. Hnohra points out Thulcandra (silent planet). As to why it is silent, only the seroni know. When Ransom tells of Weston and Devine, the hrossa agree he should see the ruler of Malacandra Oyarsa. Ransom also learns that the hrossa have a religion, in which Maledil the Young had created everything, and resides with the Old One. Ransom learns of the other intelligent races of Malacandra The seroni, who lived in highlands in caves, were the intelligent ones, educated in astronomy, history, and overall science but helpless in practicality. The pfifltriggi lived in a broad, open space. They mined gold and made things of it, and were frog looking. When he asks which race rules, they say they are equal, only Oyarsa rules. Ransom tells them of earth, and they write poems. When he tells them of the small black creature, they agree it is a hnakra. The hross hunt these, but have not seen one for years. They all prepare to hunt it, as Hyoi does with Ransom, they prepare the boat. On the way, Ransom asks a hross who is talking to himself why he is doing that, he tells Ransom he is ta lking to an eldil. Ransom doesnt see anything, a shock to the hross. Chapter 12 Hyoi explains that the hross are monogamous, only mating and in love for 1-2 years of their life, they treasure memories over events. A good memory brews into poetry, and makes life more special. Hyoi explains the pride, honor in killing or being killed by a hnakra. He says they are our enemy, but also our beloved. They seems to respect and admire them, but also take pride in hunting them. Ransom asks Hyoi about the day they met, who was Hyoi talking to? Hyoi says it was an eldil, a messenger of Oyarsa. He explains them as wanting to be seen or not, light passes through them. Hyoi is surprised there are none on earth, and doesnt know if Ransom can see them at all. Chapter 13 All of the hross begin the hunt, and a eldil appears to Hyoi. Ransom can hear, but not see it. It says that Ransom must go see Oyarsa, as two men are hunting him, and he is in danger. Despite Ransoms protests, Hyoi turns the boat of himself, Ransom, and another hross, Whin, back to shore. Just then, a hnakra attacks the boat, and the three kill it. Elated, Hyoi says it is all he has ever wanted, and Ransom feels he has proven himself. A shot breaks the joy, and Hyoi has been shot by an English rifle. Ransom says the humans are evil, he attempts to apologize. Hyoi calls him a hnakra-slayer, a show of respect, forgiveness enough. Whin convinces Ransom that he must go immediately to Oyarsa, or bad things will continue to happen. Out of guilt, he complies. Chapter 14 Ransom wants to give himself over to the men, but fights the urge. He wonders where he was told, and as he starts to go up to higher ground, where the sorn live, the altitude takes its toll on Ransom. He cannot think straight, and is searching for Augrays tower, as he was told. He stumbles upon a light source, which he follows into a cave, where a fire burns. A sorn is in the cave. Chapter 15 The sorn, Ransom finds out, is Augray. Augray invites Ransom in, and feeds him vegetation and cheese. This comes from yellowish grazing herd animals. Ransom realizes that the giraffe creatures were these, and the sorn he saw chasing was simply a shepherd, not a threat to Ransom. Still suspicious about the social structure, Ransom asks if the sorn rule over the other groups. Augray says only Oyarsa rules, and they are all equal, just as the hrossa said. Ransom asks more about Oyarsa, and Augray explains that Oyarsa is everywhere at once, using light as an example. We do not see light, we see the things slower than it that are lit by it. Ransom says that there is not Oyarsa in his world, and Augray says this is yet more proof Ransom is of Thulcandra, the silent planet. Augray shows him Thulcandra, and Ransom says it is Earth. He feels bleak and depressed. Chapter 16 Ransom feels relieved that he has met a sorn, and they are not evil. The sorn is carrying Ransom to Meldilom on his shoulders, and to counter act the thin air, Augray gives Ransom an oxygen tank, the sorn thought of and the pfifltriggi made. Augray tells him all about extinct species that used to live in the harandra. Augray stops for the night at an older sorns house, that has students in it. They ask Ransom all about Earth geography, history, languages, politics, arts, etc. When he tells them of war, slavery, and prostitution, they conclude that it is because Earth has no Oyarsa. Chapter 17 Augray brings Ransom to the edge of the lake surrounding Meldilorn. A hross mans the ferry, and will not bring Augray across because he has not been called by Oyarsa. As payment, Ransom offers his watch to Augray. Augray declines the gift, telling Ransom to give it to the pfifltriggi instead. Ransom is told by the ferrying hross that all three races Malacandra sent assistants to Meldilorn, and the hross run the ferry, as they are boat experts. The hross tells him the are eldila all over the island, and once he gets on to the island, Ransom sees little flashes around him, confirming this. After a snack, a nap, and some watching of the sorns, Ransom discovers stone etchings of what he decides is the solar system. As he studied it, all the planets had a flame like figure above them, except Earth. Earths flame depiction had been removed, chiseled out. He also discovers that Malacandra is Mars. He hears a tapping, a discovers a pfifltriggi making a full body portrait of him in stone. He discovers that each race has its own language, but they all use the hross language as common tongue. The pfifltriggi, named Kanakaberaka, also speaks of gold suns blood and the way that females rule in that race. Chapter 18 Ransom spends the night in a guest house with all three races, he understands words but doesnt see the humor in any of their jokes. The next morning, he is woken up by an eldil summoning him to Oyarsa. He went to the summit of the island, where he and all creatures, including all the eldila, stood still and silent for quite a while. Later, Oyarsa came to meet him. Ransom is clearly nervous, and Oyarsa asks him why. He replies that it is because of Oyarsa, and Oyarsa says that Ransom was afraid of him before he got to Malacandra. Oyarsa says that he sent for a human to be taken to Malacandra. He also says that Earth used to have an Oyarsa, but he became bent, before life, and almost destroyed Malacandra. There was a war, and Oyarsa of Earth was banished to Earth, where he remains today. Oyarsa is told that Earth is still very bend. Oyarsa tells of how the men came 4 human years ago, taking suns blood (gold) without learning the language, saying no to seeing Oyarsa, and onl y taking gold. Oyarsa told them, like cubs, that if they didnt bring a human, they would not be allowed to take any more gold. Just as Ransom is beginning to tell Oyarsa all about Earth, a procession of hrossa carrying something. Chapter 19 The hrossa carry 3 dead hross, and have the two men captive. Hyois brother explains that two were killed while capturing the men, but Hyoi was killed with a cowards weapon. Osyarsa asks why they have killed the hrossa. Weston thinks it is a trick, ventriquism. He believes it is coming from a sleeping elder hross. He addresses, yells at the hross. He threatens the crowd with Pouf! Bang! but they dont understand. Finally, he pulls out a necklace and shows them it like theyre incredibly stupid. They begin laughing, which Weston mistakes for stupidity. Oyarsa asks Ransom if the men are mentally hurt, and he says that they dont believe Oyarsa is real. Ransom warns the men that they better pay attention, as Oyarsa is real. The sleeping elder leaves, and Weston stands dumbfounded when Oyarsa speaks. Oyarsa had some hrossa take him to dunk his head in cold water. Oyarsa and the rest have a funeral for the dead hrossa. They sing an honor song. A pfifltriggi touches each of the bod ies with a glass/crystal object, and they disappear in a flash of light with wind. Just then, Weston returns. Chapter 20 Oyarsa yells at Weston, for disrespecting him and his hnaus the first visit, for killing his hnaus, and for kidnapping Ransom. Oyarsa doesnt want to kill Weston because he is not one of his hnaus. Oyarsa gives Weston the chance to speak, and he says that he is prepared to die. Devine stands up and tries to say that Weston is just stupid, but Oyarsa silences this. Weston continues, with Ransom translating, that even if he is killed, the humans are so smart, strong, and advanced that they will take over the planet eventually. Oyarsa understands his nobility in regards to his race being the best. But he says that The Lord of the Silent Planet has made him bent, and made him think that his is the only race that deserves to live. Weston says maybe thats true, but at least hes a lord of action, not just words. Oyarsa says that the men will not be killed, but that they must leave the next day, (Oyarsa will provide 90 days of food, drink, and oxygen for them, after 90 days it wil l self destruct) and until then Ransom will stay to talk of Earth. The men are led away, and Ransom stays. Chapter 21 Ransom stays, and talks to Oyarsa about Earth. Oyarsa thanks Ransom, and tells him to watch the dangers of the bent ones, with the help of Maledil. Oyarsa also has all the weapons removed from the ship, except one for Ransom. Oyarsa also sends an eldil to watch over Ransom. The three make their way through crowds the next morning, and take off. Ransom begins to make notes for a dictionary on the Malacandian language. In order to make it in 90 days, Weston plots a course that is dangerous, taking them insanely close to the sun. They all become extremely dehydrated, but survive. However, when they become extremely close to a clean landing, the moon is going to intersect them. They have no choice but to go around, and they will never make it in time. Accepting death, Ransom retreats to his chamber and falls asleep. He wakes up to the sound of rain. The others have abandoned ship, but Ransom finds his way out in the dark. He walks for 30 minutes before he sees a bright light behind him, the ship has self destructed. He walks to a local bar and orders a pint of bitter (ale). Chapter 22 The narrator speaks directly to us, saying that he got the story from a professor he knew, whos name is not Ransom. The story came up when our narrator contacted Ransom regarding an unknown Latin word Oyarses. Ransom invited the narrator to his house and told him the story. The narrator and Ransom are worried about Weston, or the forces behind Weston. The evil needs to be stopped, but the world wouldnt listen, theyd laugh, if this was presented as fact. Ransom came up with the idea to write it as fiction, so people would be more accepting, and it would be more widely spread. The narrator is concerned, however, that no one will ever take it as reality. Ransom says the the very few who go beyond fiction, who are ready to fight, will easily find them, and find Weston, and how to stop the evil.

Development Of Emotional Resilience

Development Of Emotional Resilience What is emotional resilience and how does this develop? What might the consequences be for someone who has this process disturbed? Emotional resilience is not a unitary concept of the self but integral to the multi-faceted, wider process of psychological resilience; retaining homeostatic mental security in an eternally shifting, socially constructed world. Resilience develops through experiential maturation; a dynamic process of adaptation and resistance in the endeavour to maintain social identity within specific hereditary and adaptive cultures. This response proposes that emotion is the core of an embodied individual resilience within relational contexts; therefore to seek conceptual understanding, consideration must be made of biological, behavioural and phenomenological influences on the psychological state. Empirical evidence proposes that the templates of emotional resilience are formed from the first day of a new life (even in uteri) and develop within the attachments of familial and systemic structures, experiencing both positive and adverse environmental factors. This brief insight will offer the reade r some understanding of the specific concept of emotion in our Western world. It will lead to focus on the crucial factor of human attachments as they model individual psychological development, and it will become clear that emotional resilience is part of a development synthesis (Cairns 1979) assimilated into psychological, social and cognitive theories that accumulatively demonstrate the emotional range of culture. When this synthesis is disturbed or traumatised, the concepts of fear or anxiety are experienced and begin an organic protective conditioning that if continual, can become manifested as negative psychological conditions and maladaptive behaviour. In seeking therapeutic efficacy, emotions might therefore be explored in relation to individual needs. The complexity of the social-mind-body assimilation presents a fascinating challenge for reparative treatment; research leading to a modernity of thought and beginning pro-active application of preventative measures through va rying social programmes. What are emotions? From early philosophical consideration to date, emotion has been viewed as an interference with rationality; an echo of pre-sapient expression. Darwin (1872)  [1]  introduced the concept of emotion in The expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals as he defined specific emotions finding expression through facial movement and overt behaviour. William James (1884)  [2]  extended this perspective in an article in Mind as he proposed this as a result of a prior, emotional neural signal; the feeling of physiological change Is the emotion. James Lange (1890)  [3]  developed this hypothesis further defining the first systemic theory of emotion, proposing three stages of emotional elicitation and physiological response: a presented emotional stimulus arousal in the autonomic nervous system physiological feedback leading to experience of an emotion In adverse extremity, we might acknowledge this as the basis of the fight or flight stress response, however this concept was extended by the Cannon-Bard Theory (1929)  [4]  as it specifically identified the hypothalamus of the brain to be the organ that activated physiological changes. Whereas the James-Lang Theory argued that human experience of emotion depended on preceding bodily changes, the Cannon-Bard Theory claimed that emotional experiences and bodily changes are independent. Early thought therefore understood resilience to be embedded in neurological physiological states. These proposals held historical behavioural cognitive validity, however there was no clarity of how an emotional situation actually activated the thalamus, i.e. how did the cognitive system detect that a stimulus was threatening or innocuous? The question remained: do individuals experience emotion based on their bodily perception, or are there specific emotional neural patterns which respond to envi ronmental events that result in physiological and visceral expressions? Perhaps the fulcrum of research was Schachter (1922 -1977)  [5]  as he proposed that only a general stage of visceral arousal was necessary for the experience of emotion and the individual would present the experience in the language of cognition, i.e. thought, past experiences, environmental references. Historical witness gave rise to Schachters James theories taken in accordance; as visceral arousal being essential for emotional experience but the manifestation of the emotion dependent on the cognitive, perceptual evaluations of external environment. To connect our animal nature with the world in which it is embeddedemotions respond immediately to the truth of things. They are the most alert form of attention. Disgust turns away from decay, fear warns of danger, desire recognizes beauty and pity responds to need. Hillman (1972) The psycho-biological and social perspectives are therefore implicit to the concept of emotional resilience within experiential processes. Drever (1964) stated that emotion is a complex state of the organism, involving bodily changes of widespread character in breathing, pulse, gland secretion etc. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and on the mental side, a state of excitement or perturbation, marked by a strong feeling, and usually an impulse towards a definite form of behaviour. Intrinsically connected the neurological and physiological systems create behavioural responses, evoking feelings and thoughts subsequently manifesting as learned behaviour and leaving a residue of experience. Drevers analysis alludes to trans-theoretical components which could initially be assumed to be in contextual concordance; cognitive, physiological, experiential, expressive and behavioural. These assumptions are integral to the research of Schachter Singer (1962) and their cognitive labelling theory  [6]  ; two f actors proposed as essential for emotional experience: high physiological arousal (neuro-psychological) emotional interpretation or label of the arousal, e.g. fear, pleasure, anger, (expressed through culturally shaped language). Critique could hold these assumptions as simplistic when considering Craske Craigs (1984) study of performing pianists, which typically found a lack of concordance of components during adverse situations. Whilst stress measurements of an individual component correlated significantly, trans-component measurements reflected little concordance, amplifying the complexity of emotion and its development of resilience. Why therefore can an individual appear to be very anxious or angry when one component of emotion is considered, but not when a different one is assessed? If the components were in correlation with each other, a singular measurement would only be necessary to understand an individuals emotional state. This observed lack of correlation supports consideration of integrative theoretical perspectives, as individuals have unique systemic foundations and neurological processing modalities. If as so far theoretically proposed, the origin of an emotion is an inherently organic and genetically pre-determined reaction to a stimulus; if the stimulus is adverse, how long can negative psychological impact be sustained without harm? Concepts of emotions and resilience are therefore embedded in a dynamic and interactive process of environmental interaction and socialisation, leading to a phenomenological consideration of experience. Phenomenological consideration reveals a diversity of emotional states identified at an experiential level. Mauss (1872 -1950)  [7]  and Mead (1901 -1978)  [8]  proposed individual minds to be penetrated by social and cultural practices; internal representations creating a dynamic view of the self. As we consider the socio-biological/cognitive proposals, it seems emotions are an individuals indicator of their human state in society and crucial to the defence of the self; therefore what of psychoanalytical thought? Freud purported emotions as a biological function, manifested as neuroses originating inner desires ; Jung (1875-1961)  [9]  proposed an archetypal self care system; for Adler (1870-1937)  [10]  self defence was socially based in the drive for success; existentialists such as Heidegger (1972)  [11]  and Kierkegaard (1960)  [12]  propose emotions as exposure of the threat of non-being; Ekman  [13]   Davidson  [14]  (1994) the evolutionary forc e that enables us to adapt to our life tasks and Hillman (1972),  [15]  emotions as symbols representative of the holistic pattern of the soul (Freshwater Robertson 2002). Is an individuals consciousness and internal world therefore systemically distorted to avoid anxiety? Within the psychodynamic realm, it seems individuals are not rational truth-seekers, attempting to accurately interpret the world, but defensive beings who distort reality in the avoidance of psychological pain. Within the interactive subtleties of the individual and social environment, two areas of thought occur in consideration of disturbed emotional resilience; the relationship with sustained, negative environmental forces and the impact of sudden trauma. Emotional resilience One of the most profound sources of anxiety is evoked through fear of a loss of identity or fragmentation and loss of self. The self evolves from birth as emotions develop from pre-verbal experiences, many of which are paralleled with another human being; the mother or primary care giver. Through the development of emotional resilience the crucial impact of attachments as familial and social interactions are internalised, not only to form emotional templates, but also the raw material of the self. Resilience of the self evolves if relations are stable; if not individuals will struggle to create a secure internal version of reality that enables assimilation with the external world. In healthy psychological development, everything depends upon a gradual humanisation and integration of the archetypal opposite inherent of the self as the infant and young child wrestles with tolerable experiences of frustration (hate) in context of a good-enough (not perfect) primary relationship.in as much as the traumatised child has intolerable experiences in the object world, the negative side of the self does not personalise, remaining archaic.the internal world becomes menaced. Kalsched (1996) Integral to the narrative of attachments, and the phenomenological experience fundamental to emotional resilience, Rothbart Ahadi (1994) proposed the element of genetic temperament. Encompassing differences in reactivity and self-regulation within a conjoint physiological and psychological concept, they identified the behavioural scales of surgency/extraversion (high intensity, pleasure v. impulsiveness and shyness); negative/affectivity (discomfort, fear v. satiability comfort) effortful control (inhibitory control, attentional focussing v. perceptual sensitivity). The first two dimensions of infant temperament; fearfulness and irritability correlate with childhood and adult dimensions of negative affectivity or neuroticism and reflect a parallel proposal to Eysencks (1916 -1997)  [16]  theory of arousal systems and the correlation with extraversion and introversion. Rutter Quinton (1984) found that children with heightened negative temperament and low malleability were like ly to elicit irritability and hostility from their parents; the formation of a negative attachment cycle. Rutter (1990) further suggested that this reflected a pattern in which the childrens attributes make them a focus for discord[increasing] the probability that exposure will set in motion a train of adverse reactions that will prolong the risk. Such cyclical behaviour leads us to note the socially constructed self formed through familial scripts and systemic legacies of beliefs and interaction; therefore as personality traits are considered, a set of variable responses may be interpreted as internalised habitual behaviour, thoughts, values, needs and goals. In the search of self, inner reflection arouses further emotions that might lead to additional adaptations, both negative and positive. Satinoff (1982) summarises; an organism behaviour at a particular time depends on the state of its nervous system, the stimuli in its immediate environment, its past individual history and the evolutionary history of its species. This analysis can be applied to the development of attachment as Bowlby (1969)  [17]  noted that adaptive function of proximity maintenance in the protection of human young, and simply identifying humans as social species therefore suggests the evolutionary functions of systems serve to keep individuals physically and emotionally close to others. If formulated on secure systemic attachments, there will be resilience of self; if conversely formulated on dysfunctional, avoidant or anxious attachments, emotional resilience is jeopardised. Social scripts and dogmas of early life, such as men dont cry can become exemplars of inappropriate relational paradigms which lead to conflict of an instinctual demand of attachment behaviour being socially accepted. When internalised distorted scripts remain active in the unconscious, they might severely restrict an adult ability to express emotion. The parody revealed is that through the formations within a psycho-social and behavioural paradigm, individuals who evolve within a negative or abusive environment, despite the continual experience of pain and anxiety, often continue to seek such relations and environments perpetuating the projective cycle of negativity with exposure to the risk of psychopathological development. Freshwater Robertson (2002) highlight the specific pathogenic personality of the parent(s) and the specific pathogenic atmosphere in which the child grew up that account for mal-developments, fixations and unsolvable inner conflicts characterising the adult personality; the correlation reflecting the breakdown in emotional resilience. Manifestation might then be seen in conditions such as social disorders, substance or alcohol abuse, obsessive compulsive disorder, depression, and in the extreme psychosis. What of the impact of sudden trauma? We are aware of the physiological response of the autonomic nervous system, however the psychological impact is not easily assessed as this is dependent on the formulated emotional resilience of an individual. Jung (1929) stated that certain complexes arise from painful or distressing experiences of an emotional nature leave lasting psychic woundsoften [crushing] valuable qualities in an individual. All these produce unconscious complexes of personal nature..others come from quite a different source.the collective unconscious.  [18]  The historical Western script in relation to psychological pain has been to ignore it; to get on with life. There has to be an element of stoicism to return to functional life; however the psyche is powerful in demanding remembrance of pain as poignantly recorded in the recent memorial to the liberation of Auschwitz 65 years later: So I was hiding out in the heap of dead bodies because in the last week when the crematoria didnt function at all, the bodies were just building up higher and higher. So there I was at night time, in the daytime I was roaming around in the camp, and this is where I actually survived. Bart Stern  [19]   Social scripts are changing but some denial still exists in corners of Western culture. Theorists have suggested that in the desire to block psychological pain, or to control or avoid emotional responses in accordance to this legacy of the collective unconscious, an emotional numbing becomes an automatic process; evoking symptoms of disinterest, detachment or denial. Avoidance of emotional material is thought to be a central factor in negative outcomes such as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The emotional processing model proposed by Foa Kozak (1986) and the relational construct theory of human learning (Kelly 1905 -1967 )  [20]  give some insight to the effect and symptoms of PTSD. The theories account for the generalisation of trauma cues within learned behaviour, of memories of trauma and experiential and external, emotionally associated responses. Avoidance of emotion can lead to paradoxical increases in emotional experience; suppression of thoughts leading to target- related anxiety, i.e. situational factors. The crucial note of Jungian theory is that traumatic emotional experiences can remain in the psyche by becoming autonomous and adopting characteristics of their own, which can then dominate or even possess the conscious ego (Roemer Borkovec 1994). Following trauma, concealment of emotions has also been associated with diminished memory for information and cognitive ability interfering with an individuals ability to engage adaptively with the environment. Therapeutic efficacy in the maintenance of emotional resilience The complicity of factors relating to the disturbance of emotional resilience continues as a focal height of research. Salters et al (2002) highlighted areas of theoretical empirical evidence gaining credence in the link between and emotionally avoidant perception, social interaction and, in the area of therapeutic efficacy, the experience of clinical anxiety. Plagued by definitional and methodological challenges, the study of emotional resilience holds complex phenomena; however cross-theoretical approaches now contribute to holistic understanding. Craske Zucker (2002) proposed models for psycho-social interventions as they highlight several of the specific factors discussed that affect emotional resilience; anxiety, familial transmission, temperament, life stresses and co-morbidity. Their research focussed on buffer factors of emotional resilience through concepts such as hardiness and social support. Seligman (2000) had emphasised the importance of optimism as Rutter (1995) outl ined five categories of protective factors: reduction of adverse experiences, reduction of negative chain reactions, promotion of self esteem and self efficacy; the opening of positive opportunities and the positive cognitive processing of negative experiences. Davidson (2000) clarified these as a broad constellation of processes that serve to amplify, attenuate or maintain the strength of emotional reactions. It is identified that anxiety disorders are most likely to develop during critical developmental stages, dependent on the resilience of the emotional templates; (Blehar 1995) transitions such as adolescence and mid-life could therefore be crucial times for the support of a proactive-developmental-ecological approach (Winett et al 1989). Conclusion The area of research into emotional resilience is self perpetuating and too vast to address comprehensively in this short response. It is therefore hoped that some insight is offered to the complexity of emotions as structured phenomena, and resilience as the dynamic component of this. It has reflected a trans-theoretical combination of psychotherapeutic thought, and presented the evolution of human emotional resilience to be a synthesising process that demands positive adaptation to lifes adversity. Crucial to the maintenance of healthy emotional resilience within social interaction is the exposure to, internalisation of, and management of positive and negative stimuli. Emotions are not merely feeling states but internal states that when disturbed, the distinction between the collective and individual unconscious becomes obscured creating internal distress and continues to reflect what Jung described in1912 as the problem of our time. The Gestalt perspective exemplifies the struggle to address this problem and maintain a healthy emotional resilience as it presents the human psyche and body to be an organic function and ultimate experiential unit (Perls 1969).  [21]   I do my thing you do your thing. I am not in this world to live up to your expectations And you are not in this world to live up to mine. You are you and I am I And if by chance we find each other, its beautiful. If not, it cannot be helped. Gestalt Prayer [3209]